Is or Are After a List? 75 Helpful Examples

Navigating the nuances of English grammar can sometimes feel like a linguistic labyrinth. One common point of confusion for many writers and speakers revolves around subject-verb agreement, particularly when the subject involves a list or a collective noun. The question of whether to use “is” or “are” after a list is a frequent one, impacting the clarity and correctness of sentences.

Understanding this rule is essential for clear communication, whether you’re crafting an email, writing a report, or simply engaging in everyday conversation. This article aims to demystify this specific grammatical challenge by providing a comprehensive look at the principles and offering numerous practical examples.

The Basic Rule: Singular vs. Plural Subjects

The fundamental principle of subject-verb agreement in English is that singular subjects require singular verbs, and plural subjects require plural verbs. This rule forms the bedrock of correct sentence construction.

A singular subject is typically a single noun or pronoun, while a plural subject refers to more than one noun or pronoun. Identifying the true subject of a sentence is often the key to applying the correct verb form.

When the subject is clearly singular, the verb “is” is used. Conversely, when the subject is clearly plural, the verb “are” is the appropriate choice.

Compound Subjects Joined by “And”

When two or more subjects are joined by the conjunction “and,” they are typically considered a compound subject and are treated as plural, thus requiring the verb “are.” This applies even if each individual subject would normally take a singular verb.

The logic here is that “and” creates a combination of items, making the overall subject plural. For instance, “The cat and the dog” refers to two distinct entities, necessitating a plural verb.

This rule holds true for most compound subjects, ensuring that the verb reflects the combined nature of the elements being discussed.

Compound Subjects Joined by “Or” or “Nor”

The rules for compound subjects change significantly when the subjects are joined by “or” or “nor.” In such cases, the verb agrees with the subject that is closer to it.

If the subject closer to the verb is singular, the verb should be singular (“is”). If the subject closer to the verb is plural, the verb should be plural (“are”).

This proximity rule is crucial for maintaining grammatical accuracy when dealing with disjunctive conjunctions like “or” and “nor.”

Lists as Singular Subjects

Sometimes, a list of items can function as a single, unified concept or entity. When this occurs, the list is treated as a singular subject, and the verb “is” is used.

This is often the case when the list refers to a single idea, a collective activity, or a specific menu item. The items, while plural individually, collectively form a singular unit.

Recognizing when a list acts as a singular concept is key to applying the correct verb.

Lists as Plural Subjects

Conversely, when a list of items is presented as distinct, individual components rather than a unified whole, it is treated as a plural subject, requiring the verb “are.”

This typically happens when the emphasis is on the separate items within the list. Each item is considered independently, contributing to the plural nature of the subject.

The context of the sentence often dictates whether the list is perceived as singular or plural.

Phrases Between Subject and Verb

When phrases, such as prepositional phrases, come between the subject and the verb, they can sometimes be mistaken for the subject. It’s important to identify the true subject to ensure correct verb agreement.

These intervening phrases do not affect the number of the verb. The verb must always agree with the actual subject, regardless of the words that separate them.

Ignoring these phrases and focusing on the core subject is a reliable strategy for avoiding agreement errors.

Collective Nouns

Collective nouns, such as “team,” “committee,” “family,” or “group,” can be tricky. They represent a group of individuals but are grammatically singular.

When a collective noun is acting as a single unit, the verb “is” is used. For example, “The team is playing well.”

However, if the sentence emphasizes the individual members of the group acting separately, the collective noun can be treated as plural, requiring “are.” For instance, “The committee are divided on the issue.”

Subjects Following the Verb

In sentences where the subject follows the verb, such as in inverted sentences or those starting with “there,” the verb must still agree with the subject.

For example, “There is a book on the table” (singular subject “book” follows the verb “is”). “There are two books on the table” (plural subject “books” follows the verb “are”).

This inversion requires careful attention to ensure the verb matches the noun that comes after it.

Indefinite Pronouns

Indefinite pronouns like “each,” “every,” “either,” “neither,” “everyone,” “everybody,” “someone,” “somebody,” “anyone,” “anybody,” “no one,” and “nobody” are always singular and take singular verbs.

Therefore, sentences with these pronouns as the subject will use “is.” For instance, “Everyone is invited.”

Pronouns like “all,” “some,” “most,” “none,” and “any” can be singular or plural depending on what they refer to. If they refer to a singular noun, use “is”; if they refer to a plural noun, use “are.”

Titles of Works

The titles of books, movies, songs, or other creative works are always treated as singular, regardless of whether the words within the title are plural.

Thus, the verb “is” is used when referring to such titles. For example, ” ‘The Lord of the Rings’ is a popular series.”

This rule applies consistently to all forms of creative work titles.

Geographical Names

Geographical names, such as countries, cities, or continents, are generally treated as singular entities, even if they end in “s.”

Consequently, they take the singular verb “is.” For example, “The Philippines is a beautiful country.”

This convention ensures consistency in referring to places as single units.

Units of Measurement

Units of measurement, such as “dollars,” “miles,” or “hours,” can sometimes cause confusion. However, when referring to a specific sum or quantity as a single amount, they are treated as singular.

For instance, “Ten dollars is too much for that item.” Here, “ten dollars” represents a single sum of money.

However, if the units are being discussed as individual items, they can be plural. “Several dollars were left on the counter.”

Sentences Starting with “Here” or “There”

As mentioned earlier, sentences beginning with “here” or “there” are inverted, meaning the subject follows the verb. The verb must agree with the subject that comes after it.

For example, “Here is the report you requested” (singular subject “report”). “Here are the reports you requested” (plural subject “reports”).

Paying attention to the noun that follows “here” or “there” is crucial for correct agreement.

When a List Represents a Single Item

In certain contexts, a list of ingredients or components can be presented as if they are a single dish or product. In these cases, the verb “is” is appropriate.

For example, “Bread and butter is my favorite simple breakfast.” Here, “bread and butter” is viewed as one traditional combination.

The unifying context allows the list to function as a singular subject.

When a List Represents Multiple Items

Conversely, when the items in a list are emphasized as separate entities, the verb “are” is used.

For instance, “Apples and oranges are two different types of fruit.” The focus is on the distinct nature of apples and oranges.

This distinction is vital for accurately reflecting the intended meaning.

Examples of “Is” with Lists

Let’s look at some specific examples where “is” is correctly used with a list, often when the list functions as a singular concept.

Example: “The red, white, and blue is the color scheme for the event.” (The colors are treated as a single combination.)

Example: “A hammer, nails, and wood are needed for the project.” (This is a compound subject joined by ‘and’, so ‘are’ is correct.)

Example: “My favorite foods are pizza, pasta, and ice cream.” (Here, the list is the predicate nominative, describing “foods,” which is plural, so ‘are’ is correct.)

Example: “The winner of the race, the runner-up, and the third-place finisher are all being celebrated.” (Compound subject joined by ‘and’.)

Example: “Whether to go to the beach or the mountains is the main decision.” (The infinitive phrases are treated as a singular concept.)

Examples of “Are” with Lists

Now, let’s examine examples where “are” is the correct verb because the subject is plural or the list is treated as distinct items.

Example: “The books, pens, and paper are on the desk.” (Compound subject joined by ‘and’.)

Example: “Her hobbies include reading, hiking, and painting.” (The verb agrees with “hobbies,” which is plural.)

Example: “Neither the manager nor the employees are aware of the changes.” (The subject “employees” is closer to the verb and is plural.)

Example: “The ingredients for the cake are flour, sugar, and eggs.” (The subject “ingredients” is plural.)

Example: “Are you and your sister going to the party?” (Compound subject joined by ‘and’.)

More “Is” Examples

Here are additional instances illustrating the correct use of “is” with subjects that might appear complex.

Example: “A mix of success and failure is common in startups.” (The phrase “mix of success and failure” is treated as a singular concept.)

Example: “The goal of these programs is to improve literacy.” (The singular subject “goal” determines the verb.)

Example: “Ten miles is a long distance to run for a beginner.” (Ten miles is considered a single distance.)

Example: “The President and CEO is scheduled to speak.” (When “President and CEO” refers to one person, “is” is used. If they were two different people, it would be “are.”)

Example: “The cast and crew is ready for opening night.” (If considered as a single unit, “is” is correct.)

More “Are” Examples

These examples showcase the correct application of “are” in various sentence structures.

Example: “The students and the teacher are collaborating on the project.” (Compound subject joined by ‘and’.)

Example: “My parents are visiting next week.” (Plural subject “parents.”)

Example: “Neither the cat nor the dogs are allowed on the furniture.” (The subject “dogs” is closer and plural.)

Example: “The results of the experiment are surprising.” (Plural subject “results.”)

Example: “Are the apples and pears ripe enough to pick?” (Compound subject joined by ‘and’.)

When the List is the Subject

Focusing specifically on sentences where the list itself constitutes the subject is key.

Example: “Reading, writing, and arithmetic are essential skills.” (Compound subject joined by ‘and’.)

Example: “The suspects, a man and a woman, are being sought by police.” (The appositive phrase “a man and a woman” clarifies the plural “suspects.”)

Example: “A blend of creativity and technical skill is required for this role.” (The phrase “blend of creativity and technical skill” is singular.)

Example: “The team members are responsible for their own tasks.” (The focus is on individual members.)

Example: “The options are to accept the offer or to decline it.” (The subject “options” is plural.)

When the List is Part of the Predicate

When a list appears after the verb, typically as a predicate nominative or predicate adjective, the verb agrees with the subject, not the list.

Example: “Her favorite activities are swimming, cycling, and jogging.” (The subject “activities” is plural, so “are” is correct.)

Example: “The main components of the system are the processor, memory, and storage.” (Subject “components” is plural.)

Example: “My biggest concerns are the budget and the timeline.” (Subject “concerns” is plural.)

Example: “The winners are John, Mary, and David.” (Subject “winners” is plural.)

Example: “The requirements for the job are a degree and five years of experience.” (Subject “requirements” is plural.)

Complex Compound Subjects

Sometimes, compound subjects can become more intricate, involving multiple conjunctions or modifying phrases.

Example: “The manager, along with the sales team, is attending the conference.” (The phrase “along with the sales team” is parenthetical and does not affect the singular subject “manager.”)

Example: “Neither the students nor the teacher is happy with the results.” (The subject “teacher” is closer and singular.)

Example: “Both the book and the movie are excellent adaptations.” (Compound subject joined by ‘and’.)

Example: “The committee, including the chairperson, is meeting today.” (The phrase “including the chairperson” is parenthetical.)

Example: “Either the printer or the scanner is malfunctioning.” (The subject “scanner” is closer and singular.)

Sentences with “One of…”

Sentences beginning with “one of the…” followed by a plural noun require a singular verb.

Example: “One of the reasons for the delay is the weather.” (The subject is “one,” which is singular.)

Example: “One of the most important factors are the team’s morale.” (This is incorrect. It should be “One of the most important factors *is* the team’s morale.”)

Example: “One of the books on the shelf is missing.” (Subject “one” is singular.)

Example: “One of the main challenges are finding skilled labor.” (Incorrect. Should be “One of the main challenges *is* finding skilled labor.”)

Example: “One of the employees is responsible for this task.” (Subject “one” is singular.)

Sentences with “The number of…” vs. “A number of…”

This is a common area of confusion.

“The number of” is always followed by a singular verb because “number” itself is the subject.

Example: “The number of applicants is increasing.” (Subject is “number.”)

Example: “The number of people attending the event is surprisingly high.” (Subject is “number.”)

“A number of” is treated as a plural subject, meaning “many” or “several.”

Example: “A number of students are participating in the study.” (Subject is “a number of,” meaning many.)

Example: “A number of issues need to be addressed.” (Subject is “a number of,” meaning several.)

Lists of Actions or Ideas

When a list describes a series of actions or abstract ideas, the verb choice depends on whether these are viewed as a collective whole or as individual components.

Example: “To err, to forgive, and to learn are parts of life.” (The infinitive phrases are treated as distinct elements.)

Example: “The purpose of the meeting is to discuss the project’s future.” (The infinitive phrase acts as a singular concept.)

Example: “Understanding, perseverance, and a bit of luck are needed for success.” (Compound subject joined by ‘and’.)

Example: “The main goal is to complete the task on time.” (Singular subject “goal.”)

Example: “The challenges are numerous, but the rewards are great.” (Subject “challenges” is plural.)

Lists in Questions

Formulating questions with lists requires the same subject-verb agreement rules.

Example: “Is the list of attendees complete?” (Subject “list” is singular.)

Example: “Are the ingredients for the recipe all present?” (Subject “ingredients” is plural.)

Example: “Is the bag of groceries on the counter?” (Subject “bag” is singular.)

Example: “Are the books and papers organized?” (Compound subject joined by ‘and’.)

Example: “Is either the pen or the pencil working?” (Subject “pencil” is closer and singular.)

Lists with “Each” or “Every”

When “each” or “every” precedes items in a list, the subject is considered singular.

Example: “Each book, magazine, and newspaper is cataloged.” (The presence of “each” makes the compound subject singular.)

Example: “Every student and teacher is required to attend.” (The presence of “every” makes the compound subject singular.)

Example: “Each of the options is viable.” (Subject is “each,” which is singular.)

Example: “Every car and truck on the lot is for sale.” (The presence of “every” makes the compound subject singular.)

Example: “Each apple and orange is priced individually.” (The presence of “each” makes the compound subject singular.)

Lists with “Either…or” and “Neither…nor”

As previously discussed, the verb agrees with the subject closest to it when using these correlative conjunctions.

Example: “Either the dogs or the cat is making that noise.” (Subject “cat” is closer and singular.)

Example: “Neither the managers nor the employees are happy with the decision.” (Subject “employees” is closer and plural.)

Example: “Either the report or the presentations are due tomorrow.” (Subject “presentations” is closer and plural.)

Example: “Neither my brother nor my sister is coming to the party.” (Subject “sister” is closer and singular.)

Example: “Either the team or the individual players are responsible for the outcome.” (Subject “individual players” is closer and plural.)

When a List is a Predicate Nominative

In sentences where the subject is singular but the predicate nominative (the noun or noun phrase following a linking verb that renames the subject) is plural, the verb agrees with the subject.

Example: “The main problem is the lack of funding.” (Subject “problem” is singular.)

Example: “My goal is to visit all fifty states.” (Subject “goal” is singular.)

Example: “The most important thing is clear communication.” (Subject “thing” is singular.)

Example: “The result of the game is a tie.” (Subject “result” is singular.)

Example: “His primary concern is the safety of his family.” (Subject “concern” is singular.)

When a List is the Subject and Feels Singular

Certain lists, even if composed of multiple items, can feel like a single entity due to context or common usage.

Example: “Peanut butter and jelly is a classic sandwich.” (This combination is often treated as a single item.)

Example: “The ebb and flow of the tide is mesmerizing.” (These are often paired as a single concept.)

Example: “Law and order is a priority for the government.” (These are often treated as a unified concept.)

Example: “The ups and downs of life are inevitable.” (While plural in form, the phrase often functions as a singular concept of life’s experiences.)

Example: “The bread and butter of his business are his loyal customers.” (Here, “bread and butter” refers to the essential elements, and the subject “customers” is plural, thus “are” is correct.)

When a List is the Subject and Feels Plural

Conversely, some lists, even if seemingly simple, are clearly intended as distinct elements.

Example: “The apples, pears, and bananas are in the fruit bowl.” (Emphasis on individual fruits.)

Example: “The chairs and tables need to be arranged.” (Clearly distinct furniture items.)

Example: “The boys and girls are playing in the park.” (Distinct groups of individuals.)

Example: “The pens and pencils are in the drawer.” (Separate writing utensils.)

Example: “The shirts and pants need to be washed.” (Distinct clothing items.)

Summary of Key Principles

The core of subject-verb agreement hinges on identifying the true subject and determining its number (singular or plural).

Lists joined by “and” are generally plural, while lists joined by “or” or “nor” follow the proximity rule.

Context is paramount; a list can sometimes function as a single unit (singular) or as distinct items (plural).

Phrases between the subject and verb, and inverted sentence structures, require careful attention to ensure the verb agrees with the actual subject.

Mastering these rules will significantly enhance the grammatical accuracy and clarity of your writing.