This Data or These Data: Which One Is Correct?

The English language, with its rich history and evolving nature, often presents subtle nuances that can trip up even native speakers. One such area of frequent confusion lies in the singular and plural forms of the word “data.” Understanding when to use “this data” versus “these data” is not merely a matter of grammatical pedantry; it reflects a deeper understanding of how the word functions in modern usage and its origins.

While the distinction might seem minor, clarity in language is paramount, especially in academic, professional, and technical contexts where precision is key. This article aims to demystify the usage of “this data” and “these data,” providing clear guidelines and illustrative examples to help you navigate this common linguistic puzzle with confidence.

Understanding the Etymology of ‘Data’

The word “data” originates from Latin, where it is the plural form of “datum,” meaning “a thing given.” Historically, “data” was treated exclusively as a plural noun, referring to multiple pieces of information or facts.

Therefore, in its strictest, classical sense, “these data” is the grammatically correct form. This aligns with other Latin-derived plural nouns that retain their plural form in English, such as “criteria” (singular: “criterion”) and “phenomena” (singular: “phenomenon”).

This historical perspective is crucial for understanding the root of the debate and why many prescriptive grammarians still advocate for the plural treatment of “data.” It highlights the word’s lineage and its intended grammatical function.

The Shift Towards ‘Data’ as a Mass Noun

Language is not static; it evolves with usage. Over time, “data” has increasingly been treated as a mass noun, similar to words like “information,” “water,” or “sand.” As a mass noun, it is treated as a singular, uncountable entity.

This shift means that “data” can be preceded by “this” and followed by a singular verb, such as “This data is compelling.” This usage is widespread in everyday conversation, journalism, and even many scientific fields.

The convenience and natural flow of treating “data” as a singular mass noun have contributed significantly to its widespread adoption, making “this data” a common and increasingly accepted construction.

Grammatical Rules and Prescriptive vs. Descriptive Approaches

Grammar can be viewed through two lenses: prescriptive and descriptive. Prescriptive grammar dictates how language *should* be used, often based on historical rules and perceived correctness.

Descriptive grammar, on the other hand, observes how language *is* actually used by its speakers. In the case of “data,” descriptive analysis shows a strong trend towards singular usage.

While prescriptive rules might insist on “these data,” descriptive grammar acknowledges the prevalence and functional appropriateness of “this data” in contemporary English.

When ‘These Data’ Remains the Preferred Choice

Despite the rise of singular usage, there are contexts where “these data” is unequivocally the correct and preferred choice. This typically occurs in highly formal academic writing, scientific research papers, and technical documentation where precision and adherence to traditional grammatical standards are paramount.

For instance, when referring to specific, discrete pieces of information that are clearly countable or distinct, the plural form maintains its classical integrity. This might involve discussing individual data points or sets of observations.

Using “these data” in such formal settings signals a commitment to linguistic rigor and can lend greater authority to the writing, particularly when addressing an audience that values traditional grammar.

When ‘This Data’ Is Perfectly Acceptable

In most modern contexts, including business reports, news articles, and general communication, treating “data” as a singular mass noun is perfectly acceptable and often preferred for its simplicity. “This data is valuable” sounds natural and is easily understood by a broad audience.

The key is to recognize that “data” has become a versatile word, functioning effectively in both singular and plural ways depending on the context and the intended audience.

This flexibility allows for more fluid expression, especially when the focus is on the collective information rather than the individual components. Using “this data” streamlines communication in many everyday scenarios.

The Role of Context and Audience

The ultimate decision between “this data” and “these data” hinges significantly on context and audience. Consider the specific publication, the academic discipline, or the professional environment you are writing for.

If you are submitting a paper to a journal known for its strict adherence to classical grammar, opt for “these data.” If you are writing an internal company memo or a blog post, “this data” is likely more appropriate and will resonate better.

Understanding your audience’s expectations is crucial for effective communication. What might be considered correct in one setting could be seen as outdated or overly formal in another.

Practical Examples in Different Scenarios

Consider a scientist presenting findings: “The experimental results show that these data support our hypothesis.” Here, “these data” emphasizes the collection of individual measurements.

Now, consider a business analyst discussing market trends: “This data indicates a significant shift in consumer behavior.” Here, “this data” refers to the overall information stream.

These examples illustrate how the choice can subtly alter the emphasis, from individual points to a collective body of information.

The Verb Agreement Dilemma

The choice between “this data” and “these data” directly impacts verb agreement. If you use “this data,” you must use a singular verb: “This data *shows*…” or “This data *is*…”

If you opt for “these data,” you require a plural verb: “These data *show*…” or “These data *are*…”

Maintaining consistency within a single piece of writing is essential. Whichever form you choose, ensure all related verbs and pronouns align correctly.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

A common error is inconsistency, using both “this data is” and “these data are” within the same document without clear justification. Another mistake is rigidly adhering to the classical plural form in contexts where it sounds unnatural or overly stilted.

Conversely, ignoring the plural form entirely, even in formal academic settings, can lead to criticism from those who uphold traditional grammar.

The goal is to be aware of both forms and choose the one that best suits the specific communication situation.

The Singular ‘Datum’ – A Rare but Valid Term

While “data” is the common plural, its singular form, “datum,” does exist. A “datum” refers to a single piece of information or a single fact.

For example: “Each datum was carefully recorded.” However, the use of “datum” is quite rare in contemporary English, even in formal contexts. Most writers opt for “data point” or simply “piece of data” when referring to a single item.

Recognizing “datum” as the singular form clarifies the origin of “data” as a plural, but its practical application is limited in modern discourse.

Impact on Technical and Scientific Fields

In fields like computer science and statistics, “data” is often treated as a singular mass noun, especially in contexts like database management or data analysis. Phrases like “data processing” or “data mining” inherently treat “data” as a singular, collective concept.

However, within specific research methodologies or theoretical discussions, the distinction between individual data points and the aggregate dataset might necessitate the use of “these data” to reflect a more granular analysis.

The specific jargon and conventions of a particular technical field can often guide the appropriate usage.

Navigating Style Guides

Many style guides offer specific recommendations on the usage of “data.” For instance, the Associated Press (AP) Stylebook generally advises treating “data” as a singular mass noun (“data is”).

Conversely, guides like the Chicago Manual of Style might suggest a more nuanced approach, allowing for plural usage in formal contexts while permitting singular usage in less formal ones.

Consulting relevant style guides for your specific field or publication is a reliable way to determine the expected standard.

The Future of ‘Data’ Usage

The trend towards treating “data” as a singular mass noun is likely to continue, driven by its prevalence in digital technology and everyday language. As more people encounter and use “data” in this singular sense, its acceptance will only grow.

While “these data” will likely persist in certain academic and formal circles, “this data” is becoming the de facto standard for much of contemporary English communication.

The linguistic evolution of “data” reflects broader changes in how we process and discuss information in an increasingly data-driven world.

Conclusion: Embracing Flexibility

Ultimately, the question of “this data” versus “these data” is not about a single, absolute right or wrong. It’s about understanding the historical roots, observing current usage, and adapting to context and audience.

Both forms have their place. “These data” holds historical and formal weight, while “this data” offers modern simplicity and widespread acceptance.

By considering the specific situation, you can make an informed choice that ensures clarity, precision, and effective communication in your writing.